Title: Ancient Anchors in New Media: Valuing Antiquity in 20th- and 21st-Century Culture

Anchoring Work Package 12: Modern Europe

Main Supervisor
Prof. dr. Maarten De Pourcq (Radboud University)

Job description
The research programme in classical studies ‘Anchoring Innovation’ studies the way in which people regard and cope with ‘the new’ by looking at the role of ‘the old’ or ‘the ancient’ as an anchoring device in processes of innovation, transition and transformation.

This PhD project deals with classical reception in the 20th and the 21st century from a cultural studies perspective. It concentrates on the field of what people have called ‘popular culture’, ‘the cultural industries’ or ‘new media’, e.g. comics, film, photography, popular music, television, video games. These are all forms of art and cultural production that have significantly changed the outlook of contemporary culture, the infrastructure by which culture is produced and disseminated, and the audiences that participate in the field of art, culture and entertainment.

From a classical receptions perspective, the rise of new media and so-called ‘popular culture’ raises important questions about the role, the value and the representation of the ancient repertoire in the 20th and the 21st century. The aim of this PhD project is to relate one of these questions to the concept of ‘anchoring’ as developed in the OIKOS research agenda.

We invite structured PhD proposals (title, research question, scholarly background, aims, method, corpus) in which candidates may select a specific medium (e.g. videogaming), a specific theme (e.g. time-travels to the classical past) or a specific question (e.g. the role of humour or gender) to explore the use of ancient anchors in one or more new media, and to reflect upon anchoring as a form of reception.

More information about the Anchoring Innovation research agenda of OIKOS can be found on the OIKOS website (www.anchoringinnovation.nl) and in an article by Ineke Sluiter, entitled “Anchoring Innovation: a Classical Research Agenda” (Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda / European Review / Cambridge Core).

Host institution
Radboud University, Nijmegen, Faculty of Arts, Radboud Institute of History and Culture (RICH). For more information see: Faculty of Arts - Faculty of Arts (ru.nl) and RICH - Radboud Institute for Culture & History (ru.nl)

Terms and conditions
PhD project, 4 years (1.0 FTE, 38 hrs per week), starting date to be agreed upon, with a preference for September 1, 2022. Initially the employee will receive a one-year contract, with extension for the following 36 months on condition of a positive evaluation. It is possible to extend the position over 5 years at 0,8 fte. The appointment must lead to the completion of a PhD thesis. Salary range from € 2.434 to € 3.111 gross per month for a fulltime appointment (pay scale for PhDs, in accordance with the Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities).
Radboud University offers an attractive benefits package with additional holiday (8%) and end-of-year bonuses (8.3%), training and career development. Candidates from outside the Netherlands may be eligible for a substantial tax break.

Tasks of the PhD candidate will include:
- Completion of a PhD thesis within four years (1,0 fte) or five years (0,8 fte);
- Participation in meetings of the project research group(s);
- Presentations of intermediate research results at workshops and conferences;
- Participation in the training programme of the local Radboud Graduate School and the National Research School in Classics (OIKOS);
- Participation in staff meetings of the Radboud Cultural Studies programme and the intellectual life of the department and the institute;
- Some teaching in the second and third years of the appointment.

Requirements
- A Research Master, MA or MPhil degree in Classics, Media Studies or Cultural Studies, held by time of appointment, with an MA thesis of high quality with a grade of at least 8.0 on a ten-point scale, or comparable assessment (if the degree is not yet obtained at the time of application, a statement by the applicant’s supervisor should confirm that it will be obtained by time of appointment);
- Well-developed research skills, including the ability to formulate relevant and creative research questions and hypotheses, descriptive and analytical skills, and a clear and persuasive style of writing;
- Excellent competence in the methodology of humanities research and in English, as well as a reading competence in French and German;
- Independent thinker, team player;
- Grit.

Diversity
The Anchoring Innovation program is strongly committed to diversity within its team and especially welcomes applications from members of underrepresented groups.

Information
Enquiries about the position can be addressed to Prof. dr. Maarten De Pourcq, maarten.depourcq@ru.nl. We have deliberately scheduled a long period between this announcement and the deadline for submission so that candidates have ample time to prepare their own versions of the projects outlined above. We know that the design of a good project takes time and effort. Do not hesitate to contact your prospective supervisor about this. Questions about the procedure can be directed to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, anchoring@let.ru.nl.

Application
In order to be admissible, applications must include the following information (in the same order), in one PDF file (not zipped):
- Cover letter;
- CV, including contact information of two referees;
- Transcript of records;
- Research proposal of 1500 words. This does not include the bibliography and (if appropriate) an appendix containing a list of sources (together max. two pages A4);
- Copy of relevant diploma or statement by master thesis supervisor confirming that the applicant will hold the required degree at the time of appointment.

Please submit your complete application to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, the coordinator of the Anchoring-programme via anchoring@let.ru.nl before April 24, 2022. Interviews will take place in the week of 30 May – 3 June, 2022 and will possibly be held online.

Title: Anchoring Empire and the World of Ancient Judaism

Anchoring Work Package 10 (Flavian Rome) or 11 (Late Antiquity)

Supervisors
Prof. dr. Onno van Nijf (Groningen), prof. dr. Mladen Popović (Groningen) and prof. dr. Olivier Hekster (Radboud Univerity)

Job description

Empire is not simply a matter of military power; it is also discourse. For a successful empire, there is not only a need of soldiers, administrators, and institutions, but imperial rulers and subjects also have to employ a common discourse (in a broad sense) that allows all parties to participate in the imperial enterprise. In order to be effective this discourse needs to be connected to what people know, believe, want, value, and can understand. This phenomenon of ‘anchoring’ is central to the new research agenda of the Dutch classicists.

As one of the most successful and long-lasting empires in world history, the Roman empire is an excellent case study for this type of investigation. It offers itself as a perfect historical laboratory where the imperial discourse can be studied from its (different local) origins in the Hellenistic and Republican periods, through its flourishing and convergence in the imperial state of the Principate, to its final demise in the Late Empire. Imperial conquest had a strong impact on local communities in various ways. New hegemonic power structures and loss of sovereignty required drastic alterations of authority structures, loyalty ties and identity politics. Our working hypothesis is that to be successful, imperial discourses had to be anchored in the political, cultural, and religious traditions and experiences of the imperial centre and of the periphery.

This project will focus on Judea and/or the Jewish diaspora in the eastern Mediterranean, e.g., Egypt, and investigate the impact of Roman rule, possibly also in connection with previous imperial rule, most notably the Hellenistic empires, on local communities, traditions, and discourses.

We invite structured proposals (title, research question, scholarly background, aims, method, corpus) for a PhD project into aspects of the rise and development of Roman hegemony over Judea, and/or the Jewish communities in the diaspora from the perspective of Anchoring. Among the possible fields of investigation are interaction with Roman settlers and settlements, Jewish burial practices and self-representation in the mortuary record, the diverse shape of literary responses to imperial/colonial encounters, Jewish participation in and responses to the Graeco-Roman spectacle and festival culture, or the use of religious value terms in the discourses about power and honour, but applicants are invited to formulate their own topics, within the wider approach.

This PhD project is part of “Anchoring Empire”, a joint research project between the University of Groningen (chair groups of Ancient History and of Old Testament and Ancient Judaism) and the Radboud University, Nijmegen (chair group of Ancient History) within the Anchoring Innovation program. More information about the Anchoring Innovation research agenda of OIKOS can be found on the website (www.anchoringinnovation.nl) and in an article by Ineke Sluiter, entitled “Anchoring Innovation: a Classical Research Agenda” (Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda / European Review / Cambridge Core). The work package to which the project will be assigned will be determined depending on the historical focus of the dissertation.

Host institution
University of Groningen, Faculty of Arts, the Groningen Research Institute for the Study of Culture (ICOG). For more information see: www.rug.nl/let/ and www.rug.nl/research/icog/.

Terms and conditions
PhD project, 4 years (1.0 FTE, 38 hrs per week), starting date to be agreed upon, with a preference for September 1, 2022. Initially the employee will receive a one-year contract, with extension for the following 36 months on condition of a positive evaluation. It is possible to extend the position over 5 years at 0,8 fte. The appointment must lead to the completion of a PhD thesis. Salary range from € 2.434 to € 3.111 gross per month for a fulltime appointment (pay scale for PhDs, in accordance with the Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities).

The University of Groningen offers an attractive benefits package with additional holiday (8%) and end-of-year bonuses (8.3%), training and career development. Candidates from outside the Netherlands may be eligible for a substantial tax break.

Tasks of the PhD candidate will include:
- Completion of a PhD thesis within four years (1,0 fte) or five years (0,8 fte);
- Participation in meetings of the project research group(s);
- Presentations of intermediate research results at workshops and conferences;
- Participation in the training program of the local (Groningen) Graduate School of Humanities and the National Research School in Classics (OIKOS) and/or Netherlands
School for Advanced Studies in Theology and Religion (NOSTER) - Active participation in the interfaculty research institute CRASIS;
- Some teaching in the second and third years of the appointment.

Requirements
- A Research MA, MA or MPhil degree in Ancient History, Classics, Jewish Studies, Religious Studies or other relevant field, held by the time of the application, with an MA thesis of high quality with a grade of at least 8.0 on a ten-point scale, or comparable assessment (if the degree is not yet held at the time of application, a statement by the applicant’s supervisor should confirm that it will be held by time of appointment).
- Well-developed research skills, including the ability to formulate relevant and creative research questions and hypotheses, descriptive and analytical skills, and a clear and persuasive style of writing;
- Excellent competence in English, and relevant ancient languages as well as reading competence in French and German;
- Independent thinker, team player;
- Grit.

Diversity
The Anchoring Innovation program is strongly committed to diversity within its team and especially welcomes applications from members of underrepresented groups.

Information
Enquiries about the position can be addressed to Prof. dr. Onno van Nijf, o.m.van.nijf@rug.nl or Prof. dr. Mladen Popović, m.popovic@rug.nl. We deliberately scheduled a long period between this announcement and the deadline for submission so that candidates have ample time to prepare their own versions of the projects outlined above. We know that the design of a good project takes time and effort. We recommend strongly to contact Prof. van Nijf and/or Prof. Popović well in advance about your proposal. Questions about the procedure can be directed to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, anchoring@let.ru.nl.

Application
In order to be admissible, applications must include the following information (in the same order), in one PDF file (not zipped):
- Letter of motivation;
- CV, including contact information of two referees;
- Transcript of records (i.e. a certified copy of your MA and BA courses and results);
- Research proposal of 1500 words. This does not include the bibliography and (if appropriate) an appendix containing a list of sources (together max. two pages A4);
- Copy of relevant diploma or statement by master thesis supervisor confirming that the applicant will hold the required degree at the time of appointment, including a statement of the (predicted) grade.

Please submit your complete application to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, the coordinator of the Anchoring program via anchoring@let.ru.nl before April 24, 2022. Interviews will take place in the week of 30 May – 3 June, 2022 and will possibly be held online.

Title: Anchoring Empire in the Greek World

Anchoring Work Package 9 (Roman Republic) or 10 (Flavian Rome)

Supervisors
Prof. dr. Onno van Nijf (Groningen), dr. Jeremia Pelgrom (Groningen) and prof. dr. Olivier Hekster (Radboud University)

Job description

Empire is not simply a matter of military power; it is also discourse. For a successful empire, there is not only a need of soldiers, administrators, and institutions, but imperial rulers and subjects also have to employ a common discourse (in a broad sense) that allows all parties to participate in the imperial enterprise. In order to be effective this discourse needs to be connected to what people know, believe, want, value, and can understand. This phenomenon of ‘anchoring’ is central to the new research agenda of the Dutch classicists.

As one of the most successful and long-lasting empires in world history, the Roman empire is an excellent case study for this type of investigation. It offers itself as a perfect historical laboratory where the imperial discourse can be studied from its (different local) origins in the Hellenistic and Republican periods, through its flourishing and convergence in the imperial state of the Principate, to its final demise in the Late Empire. Imperial conquest had a strong impact on local communities in various ways. New hegemonic power structures and loss of sovereignty required drastic alterations of authority structures, loyalty ties and identity politics. Our working hypothesis is that to be successful, imperial discourses had to be anchored in the political, cultural, and religious traditions and experiences of the imperial centre and of the periphery.

This project will focus on the Greek world under Rome and investigate the impact of imperial rule on local communities, traditions, and discourses. The socio-economic and political balance within Greek cities was altered by the influx of traders, military officials, and individual settlers, whereas new settlements, and changes in the status of existing ones altered the relations between cities. A sense of community had to be renegotiated in various ways between imperial power and the local populations. In this renegotiation process, the new had to be anchored in the old, establishing real and ideological ties with the past that enable the new social reality to function.

We invite structured proposals (title, research question, scholarly background, aims, method, corpus) for a PhD project into aspects of the rise and development of Roman hegemony over the Greek world from the perspective of Anchoring. Among the possible fields of investigation are the presence of Roman traders on Greek soil, Roman colonies and local communities, funerary practices, festival culture, and political practice, but applicants are invited to formulate their own topics within the wider approach.

This PhD project is part of “Anchoring Empire”, a joint research project between the University of Groningen (chair groups of Ancient History and of Old Testament and Ancient Judaism) and the Radboud University, Nijmegen (chair group of Ancient History) within the Anchoring Innovation program. More information about the Anchoring Innovation research agenda of OIKOS can be found on the website (www.anchoringinnovation.nl), including an article by Ineke Sluiter, entitled “Anchoring Innovation: a Classical Research Agenda” (Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda / European Review / Cambridge Core). This project will be assigned to the new Work Packages 9 (Roman Republic) or 10 (Flavian Rome), depending on the historical focus of the dissertation.

Host institution
University of Groningen, Faculty of Arts, the Groningen Research Institute for the Study of Culture (ICOG). For more information see: www.rug.nl/let/ and www.rug.nl/research/icog/.

Terms and conditions
PhD project, 4 years (1.0 FTE, 38 hrs per week), starting date to be agreed upon, with a preference for September 1, 2022. Initially the employee will receive a one-year contract, with extension for the following 36 months on condition of a positive evaluation. It is possible to extend the position over 5 years at 0,8 fte. The appointment must lead to the completion of a PhD thesis. Salary range from € 2.434 to € 3.111 gross per month for a fulltime appointment (pay scale for PhDs, in accordance with the Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities).

The University of Groningen offers an attractive benefits package with additional holiday (8%) and end-of-year bonuses (8.3%), training and career development. Candidates from outside the Netherlands may be eligible for a substantial tax break.

Tasks of the PhD candidate will include:
- Completion of a PhD thesis within four years (1,0 fte) or five years (0,8 fte);
- Participation in meetings of the project research group(s);
- Presentations of intermediate research results at workshops and conferences;
- Participation in the training program of the local (Groningen) Graduate School of Humanities and the National Research School in Classics (OIKOS) and/or Netherlands
School for Advanced Studies in Theology and Religion (NOSTER) o Active participation in the interfaculty research institute CRASIS;
- Some teaching in the second and third years of the appointment.

Requirements
- A Research MA, MA or MPhil degree in Ancient History, Classics, Classical Archaeology or other relevant field, held by the time of the application, with an MA thesis of high quality with a grade of at least 8.0 on a ten-point scale, or comparable assessment (if the degree is not yet held at the time of application, a statement by the applicant’s supervisor should confirm that it will be held by time of appointment).
- Well-developed research skills, including the ability to formulate relevant and creative research questions and hypotheses, descriptive and analytical skills, and a clear and persuasive style of writing;
- Excellent competence English, and ancient Greek as well as reading competence in French and German;
- Independent thinker, team player;
- Grit.

Diversity
The Anchoring Innovation program is strongly committed to diversity within its team and especially welcomes applications from members of underrepresented groups.

Information
Enquiries about the position can be addressed to prof. dr. Onno van Nijf, o.m.van.nijf@rug.nl or dr. J. Pelgrom, j.pelgrom@rug.nl. We deliberately scheduled a long period between this announcement and the deadline for submission so that candidates have ample time to prepare their own versions of the projects outlined above. We know that the design of a good project takes time and effort. We recommend strongly to contact Prof. van Nijf and/or dr. Pelgrom well in advance about your proposal. Questions about the procedure can be directed to Dr. Suzanne van de Liefvoort, anchoring@let.ru.nl.

Application
In order to be admissible, applications must include the following information (in the same order), in one PDF file (not zipped):
- Letter of motivation;
- CV, including contact information of two referees;
- Transcript of records (i.e. a certified copy of your MA and BA courses and results);
- Research proposal of 1500 words. This does not include the bibliography and (if appropriate) an appendix containing a list of sources (together max. two pages A4);
- Copy of relevant diploma or statement by master thesis supervisor confirming that the applicant will hold the required degree at the time of appointment, including a statement of the (predicted) grade.

Please submit your complete application to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, the coordinator of the Anchoring program via anchoring@let.ru.nl before April 24, 2022. Interviews will take place in the week of 30 May – 3 June, 2022 and will possibly be held online.

Title: Anchoring Early Christian Identity

Anchoring Work Package 11: Late Antiquity

Supervisors
Dr. Nienke Vos (VU Amsterdam), Prof. dr. Bas ter Haar Romeny (VU Amsterdam), Prof. dr. Olivier Hekster (Radboud University)

Job description
When in the first century CE Christianity appeared as a new religion on the scene, it presented itself as a movement focused on conversion, that is, a decisive shift in religious outlook and commitment. Paradoxically, such deep and often abrupt religious transformation was communicated by complex modes of discourse which involved the new religion anchoring itself firmly in the given cultural setting. As it evolved, Christianity took on a variety of shapes and forms, sometimes referred to as ‘Christianities’, each anchoring itself in different ways.

This PhD-project will focus on the theme of religious anchoring in early Christianity, specifically in narrative and/or dialogical texts: these often functioned as both instruments and expressions of early Christian identity formation. The research may be approached from various angles and consider questions such as the following: Which aspects of belief and/or behaviour are described and/or promoted and how are these linked to Jewish, Greco-Roman, or divergent Christian ideas and practices? Are connections between Christianity and pre-existing or competing religious notions organically embedded in early Christian discourse or not, and how do they relate to its persuasive potential? How is the recipient of the text implicated in the transitional process of adopting a new religious position? In short, the research will involve the study of early Christian Greek and/or Latin storytelling and dialogue as motivational and educational tools. The corpus chosen must be situated within the timeframe of the second to seventh centuries; the geographical perspective is open: from the Greek East and the Balkans to North-Africa, Italy, Spain, and Gaul. We invite structured PhD proposals (title, research question, scholarly background, aims, method, corpus) on this theme.

More information about the Anchoring Innovation research program can be found on the Anchoring Innovation website (https://www.anchoringinnovation.nl/) and in an article by Ineke Sluiter, entitled “Anchoring Innovation: a Classical Research Agenda” (Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda / European Review / Cambridge Core).

Host institution
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Humanities, and its Interfaculty Research Institute for Culture, Cognition, History, and Heritage (CLUE+). For more information see: www.fgw.vu.nl
and www.clue.vu.nl

Terms and conditions
PhD project, 4 years (1,0 fte, 38 hrs per week), starting date to be agreed, with a preference for September 1, 2022. Initially the employee will receive a one-year contract, with extension for the following 36 months on condition of a positive evaluation. It is possible to extend the position over 5 years at 0,8 fte. The appointment must lead to the completion of a PhD thesis. Salary range from € 2.434 to € 3.111 gross per month for a fulltime appointment (pay scale for PhDs, in accordance with the Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities).

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam offers an attractive benefits package with additional holiday (8%) and end-of-year bonuses (8.3%), training and career development. Candidates from outside the Netherlands may be eligible for a substantial tax break.

Tasks of the PhD candidate will include:
- Completion of a PhD thesis within four years (1,0 fte) or five years (0,8 fte);
- Participation in meetings of the project research group(s);
- Presentations of intermediate research results at workshops and conferences;
- Participation in the training programme of the VU Graduate School of Humanities and the National Research School in Classics (OIKOS);
- Participation in staff meetings and in the intellectual life of the department and the institute, including the Amsterdam Centre for Ancient Studies and Archaeology (ACASA; cooperation with University of Amsterdam) and HDC Centre for Religious History at VU;
- Some teaching in the second and third years of the appointment.

Requirements
- A Research MA, MA or MPhil degree in Ancient History, or Classics, or similar, held by the time of appointment, with an MA thesis of high quality with a grade of at least 8.0 on a ten-point scale, or comparable assessment (if the degree is not yet obtained at the time of application, a statement by the applicant’s supervisor should confirm that it will be obtained by time of appointment);
- Well-developed research skills, including the ability to formulate relevant and creative research questions and hypotheses, descriptive and analytical skills, and a clear and persuasive style of writing;
- Excellent competence in English and in reading Greek and Latin, passive knowledge of French, German, and Italian;
- Independent thinker, team player;
- Grit.

Diversity
The Anchoring Innovation program is strongly committed to diversity within its team and especially welcomes applications from members of underrepresented groups.

Information
Enquiries about the position can be addressed to Dr. Nienke Vos, n.m.vos@vu.nl. We deliberately scheduled a long period between this announcement and the deadline for submission so that candidates have ample time to prepare their own versions of the projects outlined above. We know that the design of a good project takes time and effort. Do not hesitate to contact your prospective supervisor about this. Questions about the procedure can be directed to Dr. Suzanne van de Liefvoort, anchoring@let.ru.nl.

Application
In order to be admissible, applications must include the following information (in the same order), in one PDF file (not zipped):
- Cover letter;
- CV, including contact information of two referees;
- Transcript of records (i.e. a certified copy of your MA and BA course lists and results);
- Research proposal of 1500 words. This does not include the bibliography and (if appropriate) an appendix containing a list of sources (together max. two pages A4);
- Copy of relevant diploma or statement by master thesis supervisor confirming that the applicant will hold the required degree at the time of appointment.

Please submit your complete application to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, the coordinator of the Anchoring program via anchoring@let.ru.nl before April 24, 2022. Interviews will take place in the week of 30 May – 3 June, 2022 and will possibly be held online.

Title: Anchoring Coins: Reframing the Coin Introduction of Ptolemaic Dynasty

Anchoring Work Package 7: Hellenism

Supervisors
Prof. dr. Luuk de Ligt (Leiden) and Dr. Rens Tacoma (Leiden)

Job description

King Ptolemy I was the first to open a mint in Egypt which started to issue Alexander’s tetradrachms posthumously. Soon, Ptolemaic coins also featured the portraits of the Ptolemaic kings, demonstrating how coinage could symbolically enhance the regal powers of the young Ptolemaic dynasty by connecting the new kings to Alexander’s legacy. The battle of Salamis (306 BC) and other external threats forced the new Ptolemaic state to introduce a metrological reform by abandoning the Attic weight standard in order to finance various royal enterprises. Consequently, Egypt became a closed currency zone in which coined money became one of the standard means of exchange. These novelties transformed Egypt’s traditional economy into a monetary one. Due to the introduction of several taxes and a number of other monetary reforms, large numbers of coins started to circulate in Egypt, both in the nome capitals and in the chôra.

The communis opinio is that the transition to this monetary economy took the form of top down and state-driven processes, in line with a “Greek” ideology that emphasized the importance of coinage for organising economic life in society. Starting from this assumption, scholars have focussed on how these monetary innovations facilitated the exchange of goods and wage, as well as the imposition of royal control over local economies. Other researchers have highlighted the role played by Ptolemaic in symbolically increasing the authority of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

This PhD project aims to introduce a new perspective by asking how and why these “Greek” monetary objects, became so rapidly and widely accepted in Egypt. A comparative analysis will be employed to investigate how iconographical and semantic concepts were anchored in existing traditions. A new and multi-disciplinary approach will used to analyse the economic, social and cultural preconditions through which these new objects were anchored into Egypt’s quasi non-monetary society. New perspectives can also be gained from the study of geographical dissemination of Ptolemaic coins across the Ptolemaic Empire. The recent Ptolemaic hoards’ catalogue series and various web-based databases for papyrological evidence (Trismegistos and Papyri.info ) and Ptolemaic coins (PCO) offer excellent starting points for an investigation of the complex, but rich material from Ptolemaic Egypt.

Candidates are invited to submit a structured proposal (title, research question, scholarly background, aims, method, corpus) around this topic. More information about the Anchoring Innovation research agenda of OIKOS can be found on the website (www.anchoringinnovation.nl) and in an article by Ineke Sluiter, entitled “Anchoring Innovation: a Classical Research Agenda” (Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda | European Review | Cambridge Core).

Host institution
The Faculty of Humanities of Leiden University is a unique international centre for the advanced study of languages, cultures, arts, and societies worldwide, in their historical contexts from prehistory to the present. Our faculty is home to more than 6,000 students and 800 staff members. For more information see https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/humanities.
The Leiden University Institute for History is responsible for the main part of the historical research carried out at Leiden University. The institute has a wide-ranging academic scope. Its strong international orientation and focus on the study of European, American, Asian and African societies in a global context give the institute a unique character. The academic leaders connected to the institute's research programmes are internationally renowned scholars that engage in numerous networks, contribute to important conferences and publish with outstanding academic presses. More information about the Leiden University Institute for History see https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/humanities/institute-for-history.

Terms and conditions
PhD project, 4 years (1.0 FTE, 38 hrs per week), starting date to be agreed upon, with a preference for September 1st, 2022 or as soon as possible thereafter. Initially the employee will receive a one-year contract, with extension for the following 36 months on condition of a positive evaluation. It is possible to extend the position over 5 years at 0,8 fte. The appointment must lead to the completion of a PhD thesis. Salary range from € 2.434 to € 3.111 gross per month for a fulltime appointment (pay scale for PhDs, in accordance with the Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities).
Leiden University offers an attractive benefits package with additional holiday (8%) and end-of-year bonuses (8.3%), training and career development. Candidates from outside the Netherlands may be eligible for a substantial tax break. For more information: http://www.workingat.leiden.edu/.

Tasks of the PhD candidate will include:
- Completion of a PhD thesis within four years (1,0 fte) or five years (0,8 fte);
- Participation in meetings of the project research group(s);
- Presentations of intermediate research results at workshops and conferences;
- Participation in the training programme of the local Leiden Graduate School and the National Research School in Classics (OIKOS);
- Participation in staff meetings of the Leiden History team and the intellectual life of the department and the institute;
- Some teaching in the second and third years of the appointment.

Requirements
- A RMA, MA or MPhil degree in Ancient History or Classics, held by time of appointment, with an MA thesis of high quality with a grade of at least 8.0 on a ten-point scale, or comparable assessment.
- Well-developed research skills, including the ability to formulate relevant and creative research questions and hypotheses, descriptive and analytical skills, and a clear and persuasive style of writing;
- Excellent competence in English [additional (reading) competences will be added]
- Independent thinker, team player;
- Grit.

Diversity
The Anchoring Innovation program is strongly committed to diversity within its team and especially welcomes applications from members of underrepresented groups.

Information
Enquiries about the position can be addressed to Prof. dr. Luuk de Ligt, l.de.ligt@hum.leidenuniv.nl. We deliberately scheduled a long period between this announcement and the deadline for submission so that PhD candidates have ample time to prepare their own versions of the projects outlined above. We know that the design of a good project takes time and effort. Do not hesitate to contact your prospective supervisor about this. Questions about the procedure can be directed to Dr. Suzanne van de Liefvoort, anchoring@let.ru.nl.

Application
In order to be admissible, applications must include the following information (in the same order), in one PDF file (not zipped):
- Cover letter;
- CV, including contact information of two referees;
- Transcript of records;
- Research proposal of 1500 words. This does not include the bibliography and (if appropriate) an appendix containing a list of sources (together max. two pages A4);
- Copy of relevant diploma or statement by master thesis supervisor confirming that the applicant will hold the required degree at the time of appointment.

Please submit your complete application to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, the coordinator of the Anchoring-programme via anchoring@let.ru.nl before April 24, 2022. Interviews will take place in the week of 30 May – 3 June, 2022 and will possibly be held online.

Title: Anchoring Global Diversity: Mediterranean Material Culture in Central Asia

Anchoring Work Package 6: Reception of Antiquity

Main Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Miguel John Versluys (Faculty of Archaeology)

Job description
The occurrence of objects, styles and iconographies from the Mediterranean in Central Asia has traditionally been interpreted in terms of the spread of Hellenism (“Hellenisation”). Recent debates within the field, however, have clearly shown the limitations of these views. It is the question to what extent these elements were still understood as being ‘Greek” and what that concept exactly meant from an Asian perspective while the notion of (passive) “spreading” ignores the agency of Asian participants with what is probably better interpreted as a process of (active) appropriation and embedding. Moreover, to properly understand what goes on in terms of socio-cultural dynamics it is imperative not to focus on these Mediterranean objects and styles in their own right but to investigate them as part of the much wider repertoire of non-local objects that societies in Central Asia were confronted with through their participation in long-range exchange networks in this period.
We are looking for a PhD who, within the framework of Globalisation theory, will develop and carry out a research project that has the ambition to rethink the use, function and impact of objects, styles and iconographies from the Mediterranean as integral part of the (material) culture of Central Asia, in terms of the nature and impact of anchoring. How did ancient Globalisation change their world? How did they embed the global diversity they were confronted with? What role did objects, styles and iconographies from the Mediterranean play with that process of anchoring?

Candidates are invited to design a structured PhD proposal (title, research question, scholarly background, aims, method, corpus) around these issues. We kindly ask you to be specific about your methodology as well as the availability of the data you aim to work with. More information about the Anchoring Innovation research agenda of OIKOS can be found on the website (www.anchoringinnovation.nl) and in an article by Ineke Sluiter, entitled “Anchoring Innovation: a Classical Research Agenda” (Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda / European Review / Cambridge Core).

Host institution
Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology, Classical & Mediterranean Archaeology. The future of the past begins in Leiden. The Faculty of Archaeology is internationally leading in its research, and is home to a broad array of specializations and notable for the strong connection it fosters between teaching and research. Home to over 500 students in the multidisciplinary world of Archaeology, the faculty and its researchers from all areas of the archaeological field determine the future of archaeological research. The Faculty ranks in the top ten worldwide in academic reputation and research impact (https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/archaeology).

Terms and conditions
PhD project, 4 years (1.0 FTE, 38 hrs per week), starting date to be agreed upon, with a preference for March 1, 2022 or as soon as possible thereafter. Initially the employee will receive a one-year contract, with extension for the following 36 months on condition of a positive evaluation. It is possible to extend the position over 5 years at 0,8 fte. The appointment must lead to the completion of a PhD thesis. Salary range from € 2.434 to € 3.111 gross per month for a fulltime appointment (pay scale for PhDs, in accordance with the Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities).
Leiden University offers an attractive benefits package with additional holiday (8%) and end-of-year bonuses (8.3%), training and career development. Candidates from outside the Netherlands may be eligible for a substantial tax break. For more information: http://www.workingat.leiden.edu/.

Tasks of the PhD will include:
- To develop and carry out a research project within the framework described above;
- To present research results at national and international conferences and workshops as required by the project leader (individual and/or co-authored);
- To submit a PhD as research result (and, if appropriate, publications in peer-reviewed journals (individual and/or co-authored));
- To participate in the host institution, the national research school OIKOS, and the wider Anchoring Innovation program.

Requirements:
The project seeks to employ a highly motivated and proactive candidate who will need to work both independently and as part of a larger team.

A successful candidate should preferably have:
- An (RE)MA diploma in (Classical & Mediterranean) Archaeology or (Ancient) History or Classics or another relevant discipline, held by time of appointment, from a well-established university program;
- A study program cq. thesis showing affinity with both Classical/Mediterranean Archaeology and Asian Archaeology;
- Some experience with research on cultural dynamics or globalisation in the ancient world;
- Good oral and written skills in English;
- Strong writing and analytical skills;
- Willingness to engage in collaborative research.

Diversity
The Anchoring Innovation program is strongly committed to diversity within its team and especially welcomes applications from members of underrepresented groups.

Information
Enquiries about the position can be addressed to Prof. Dr. Miguel John Versluys, m.j.versluys@arch.leidenuniv.nl. Questions about the procedure can be directed to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, anchoring@let.ru.nl.

Application:
In order to be considered, applications must include the following information (in the same order), in one PDF file (not zipped):
- Letter of motivation;
- CV, including list of publications and contact information of two referees;
- Transcript of records (i.e. BA and MA grades);
- Your research proposal of 1500 words. Excluded are the bibliography and (if appropriate) an appendix containing a list of sources (together max. two pages A4);
- Copy of relevant diploma;

Please submit your complete application to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, the coordinator of the Anchoring programme, via anchoring@let.ru.nl before November 7, 2021. Interviews will take place on November 17, between 10:00 and 13:00 CET and will possibly be held online.

Title: Hellenism in the Roman Late Republic and the Augustan Period. Anchoring through Translation in Literary and Material Culture

Anchoring Work Package 9: Roman Republic and Augustan Period

Main supervisor
Prof. dr. Miguel John Versluys (Leiden) and prof. dr. Antje Wessels (Leiden)

General project description

The final two centuries BC see dramatic changes in all domains (political, social, economic, material, cultural) of Roman (late) Republican society. This is a contingent process that will result in the formation of what we call Roman culture. The influx of foreign objects, ideas and peoples plays a defining role in this process of emerging identity that is characterized by many innovations. As a result, Roman culture anchors itself in the tradition of others. Previous discussions on this fascinating process of cultural formation have shown that we deal with very conscious and specific ways of Roman selection, appropriation and assimilation; a project of translation in which (the Greek and Hellenistic) Other was made into (the Roman) Self. This project will investigate the hypothesis that such processes of translation are examples of how Roman culture anchored itself in (the history of) the wider Hellenistic world and thus was able to develop from a regional player into a global superpower.

Understanding translation as a broader social and cultural practice, this research project – which envisions two PhD candidates and one PD researcher – will analyse the material culture (PhD) and literature (PhD + PD) from such a perspective.

PhD project description

Triggered by the many triumphal processions of Roman generals that were constantly bringing in new stuff, the Roman objectscape changed dramatically in the final two centuries BC, especially from around 200 BC onwards. The city of Rome was now inundated with non-local objects and materials. These objects embodied geographically wide and temporally deep connections and therefore sparked strong reactions from their users and viewers. In late-Republican Rome the innovating effect of objects was massive and determinative because the affordances of all these new artefacts triggered a lot of change. The influx of classical Greek statues, for instance, had a huge impact on the development of Roman architecture and elite self-presentation, but also on the formation of Roman identity against a Greek past that now had become tangible. These objects, therefore, could be said to change Roman society from the outside in. Set against an overview of these changes in the Roman objectscape as provided by recent literature, the PhD candidate will analyse a particular case study (either a specific monument or period, or a specific material, style or object type) in depth.

PhD Candidates are invited to develop their own research project and to submit a structured PhD proposal (title, research question, scholarly background, aims, method, corpus). The case study selected should analyse how Hellenism and its ‘disruptive energy’ is ‘translated’ into an anchor in order to shape Roman Late Republican and Augustan society and culture. We specifically (but not exclusively) welcome case studies which allow for a comparison between the developments of visual and literary culture.

More information about the Anchoring Innovation research agenda of OIKOS can be found on the OIKOS website (www.anchoringinnovation.nl) and in an article by Ineke Sluiter, entitled “Anchoring Innovation: a Classical Research Agenda” (Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda / European Review / Cambridge Core). The work package to which the project will be assigned will be determined once the period to which the project mostly relates is determined.

Host institution
The future of the past begins in Leiden. The Faculty of Archaeology is internationally leading in its research, and is home to a broad array of specializations and notable for the strong connection it fosters between teaching and research. Home to over 500 students in the multidisciplinary world of Archaeology, the faculty and its researchers from all areas of the archaeological field determine the future of archaeological research.

Terms and conditions
PhD project, 4 years (1.0 FTE, 38 hrs per week), starting date to be agreed upon, with a preference for January 1, 2023. Initially the employee will receive a one-year contract, with extension for the following 36 months on condition of a positive evaluation. It is possible to extend the position over 5 years at 0,8 fte. The appointment must lead to the completion of a PhD thesis. Salary range from € 2.434 to € 3.111 gross per month for a fulltime appointment (pay scale for PhDs, in accordance with the Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities).

Leiden University offers an attractive benefits package with additional holiday (8%) and end-of-year bonuses (8.3%), training and career development. Candidates from outside the Netherlands may be eligible for a substantial tax break. For more information: http://www.workingat.leiden.edu/.

Tasks of the PhD candidate will include:
- Completion of a PhD thesis within four years (1,0 fte) or five years (0,8 fte);
- Participation in meetings of the project research group(s);
- Presentations of intermediate research results at workshops and conferences;
- Participation in the training program of the local Leiden Graduate School and the National Research School in Classics (OIKOS);
- Participation in staff meetings of the Leiden Classics team and the intellectual life of the department and the institute;
- Some teaching in the second and third years of the appointment.

Requirements
- A RMA, MA or MPhil degree in Classical Archaeology, Ancient History or Classics, held by time of appointment, with an MA thesis of high quality with a grade of at least 8.0 on a ten-point scale, or comparable assessment;
- Well-developed research skills, including the ability to formulate relevant and creative research questions and hypotheses, descriptive and analytical skills, and a clear and persuasive style of writing;
- Excellent competence in ancient Greek and Latin, and English, as well as reading competence in French, German and Italian;
- A strong cooperative attitude and willingness to engage in collaborative research.

Diversity
The Anchoring Innovation program is strongly committed to diversity within its team and especially welcomes applications from members of underrepresented groups.

Information
Enquiries about the position can be addressed to Prof. dr. Miguel John Versluys, m.j.versluys@arch.leidenuniv.nl. We deliberately scheduled a long period between this announcement and the deadline for submission so that candidates have ample time to prepare their own versions of the projects outlined above. We know that the design of a good project takes time and effort. Do not hesitate to contact your prospective supervisor about this. Questions about the procedure can be directed to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, anchoring@let.ru.nl.

Application
In order to be considered, applications must include the following information (in the same order), in one PDF file (not zipped):
- Cover letter;
- CV, including contact information of two referees;
- Transcript of records (i.e. a certified copy of your MA and BA course lists and results);
- Research proposal of 1500 words. This does not include the bibliography and (if appropriate) an appendix containing a list of sources (together max. two pages A4);
- Copy of relevant diploma or statement by master thesis supervisor confirming that the applicant will hold the required degree at the time of appointment.

Please submit your complete application to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, the coordinator of the Anchoring program via anchoring@let.ru.nl before April 24, 2022. Interviews will take place in the week of 30 May – 3 June, 2022 and will possibly be held online.

Title: Hellenism in the Roman Late Republic and the Augustan Period. Anchoring through Translation in Literary and Material Culture

Anchoring Work Package 9: Roman Republic and Augustan Period

Main supervisor
Prof. dr. Antje Wessels (Leiden) and prof. dr. Miguel John Versluys (Leiden)

General project description

The final two centuries BC see dramatic changes in all domains (political, social, economic, material, cultural) of Roman (late) Republican society. This is a contingent process that will result in the formation of what we call Roman culture. The influx of foreign objects, ideas and peoples plays a defining role in this process of emerging identity that is characterized by many innovations. As a result, Roman culture anchors itself in the tradition of others. Previous discussions on this fascinating process of cultural formation have shown that we deal with very conscious and specific ways of Roman selection, appropriation and assimilation; a project of translation in which (the Greek and Hellenistic) Other was made into (the Roman) Self. This project will investigate the hypothesis that such processes of translation are examples of how Roman culture anchored itself in (the history of) the wider Hellenistic world and thus was able to develop from a regional player into a global superpower.

Understanding translation as a broader social and cultural practice, this research project – which envisions two PhD candidates and one PD researcher – will analyse the material culture (PhD) and literature (PhD + PD) from such a perspective.

PhD project description

Rome was a melting pot and under the influence of indigenous Italic culture and other literary and cultural traditions. Intellectuals came from all places of a globalized world. They were brought to Rome as prisoners of war or ‘spoils’, e.g. after the capture of Tarentum in 209 BC, after the third Macedonian war in 168, after the Battle of Corinth in 146, and during the Mithridatic wars between 88 BC and 63 BC. In Rome, they acted as teachers, scholars and/or authors. Coming from ‘outside’, they contributed to the cultural translation of current discourses (including ideas on the relation of literary and visual/material culture; literature and religion, literature and politics) and allowed for their negotiation, appropriation and development in Roman culture. Intellectuals, specifically from the Hellenistic world, had a great impact on the process of shaping Roman identity and the ‘traditions’ Romans aimed to be in line with. The PhD candidate will analyse a particular case study (either a specific author, text or period, or a specific genre or discourse) in depth.
PhD Candidates are invited to develop their own research project and to submit a structured PhD proposal (title, research question, scholarly background, aims, method, corpus). The case study selected should analyse how Hellenism and its ‘disruptive energy’ is ‘translated’ into an anchor in order to shape Roman Late Republican and Augustan society and culture. We specifically (but not exclusively) welcome case studies which allow for a comparison between the developments of literary and visual culture.

More information about the Anchoring Innovation research agenda of OIKOS can be found on the OIKOS website (www.anchoringinnovation.nl) and in an article by Ineke Sluiter, entitled “Anchoring Innovation: a Classical Research Agenda” (Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda / European Review / Cambridge Core). The work package to which the project will be assigned will be determined once the period to which the project mostly relates is determined.

Host institution
The Faculty of Humanities of Leiden University is a unique international center for the advanced study of languages, cultures, arts, and societies worldwide, in their historical contexts from prehistory to the present. Our faculty is home to more than 6,000 students and 800 staff members. For more information see www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/humanities.

The Leiden University Centre for the Arts in Society (LUCAS) is one of the seven Research Institutes of the Faculty of Humanities. LUCAS is dedicated to ground-breaking research that explores the multifaceted relationships between the arts and society. For more information see https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/humanities/centre-for-the-arts-in-society.

Terms and conditions
PhD project, 4 years (1.0 FTE, 38 hrs per week), starting date to be agreed upon, with a preference for January 1, 2023. Initially the employee will receive a one-year contract, with extension for the following 36 months on condition of a positive evaluation. It is possible to extend the position over 5 years at 0,8 fte. The appointment must lead to the completion of a PhD thesis. Salary range from € 2.434 to € 3.111 gross per month for a fulltime appointment (pay scale for PhDs, in accordance with the Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities).

Leiden University offers an attractive benefits package with additional holiday (8%) and end-of-year bonuses (8.3%), training and career development. Candidates from outside the Netherlands may be eligible for a substantial tax break. For more information: http://www.workingat.leiden.edu/.

Tasks of the PhD candidate will include:
- Completion of a PhD thesis within four years (1,0 fte) or five years (0,8 fte);
- Participation in meetings of the project research group(s);
- Presentations of intermediate research results at workshops and conferences;
- Participation in the training program of the local Leiden Graduate School and the National Research School in Classics (OIKOS);
- Participation in staff meetings of the Leiden Classics team and the intellectual life of the department and the institute;
- Some teaching in the second and third years of the appointment.

Requirements
- A RMA, MA or MPhil degree in Classics, held by time of appointment, with an MA thesis of high quality with a grade of at least 8.0 on a ten-point scale, or comparable assessment;
- Well-developed research skills, including the ability to formulate relevant and creative research questions and hypotheses, descriptive and analytical skills, and a clear and persuasive style of writing;
- Excellent competence in ancient Greek and Latin, and English, as well as reading competence in French, German and Italian;
- Willingness to work with fragments;
- A strong cooperative attitude and willingness to engage in collaborative research.

Diversity
The Anchoring Innovation program is strongly committed to diversity within its team and especially welcomes applications from members of underrepresented groups.

Information
Enquiries about the position can be addressed to Prof. dr. Antje Wessels, a.b.wessels@hum.leidenuniv.nl. We deliberately scheduled a long period between this announcement and the deadline for submission so that candidates have ample time to prepare their own versions of the projects outlined above. We know that the design of a good project takes time and effort. Do not hesitate to contact the prospective supervisor about this. Questions about the procedure can be directed to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, anchoring@let.ru.nl.

Application
In order to be considered, applications must include the following information (in the same order), in one PDF file (not zipped):
- Cover letter;
- CV, including contact information of two referees;
- Transcript of records (i.e. a certified copy of your MA and BA course lists and results);
- Research proposal of 1500 words. This does not include the bibliography and (if appropriate) an appendix containing a list of sources (together max. two pages A4);
- Copy of relevant diploma or statement by master thesis supervisor confirming that the applicant will hold the required degree at the time of appointment.

Please submit your complete application to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, the coordinator of the Anchoring program via anchoring@let.ru.nl before April 24, 2022. Interviews will take place in the week of 30 May – 3 June, 2022 and will possibly be held online.

Provisional Title: Innovation, progress, and the role of nature

Supervisors
Prof. dr. Ineke Sluiter (Leiden) and Prof. dr. Casper de Jonge (Leiden); additional supervisory expertise dependent on the needs of the project and/or researcher

Job description
New ideas and inventions that affect social life cannot thrive unless they are somehow embedded in the society for which they are intended. Innovation will always be connected somehow—both in the ways it is communicated and perceived, and in terms of content—to what people know, believe, want, value, and can understand. This is true even of radical, path-breaking, ‘revolutionary’ ideas and insights. This phenomenon of ‘anchoring’ is central to the current research agenda of the Dutch classicists.

In Classical Antiquity, one way in which humans conceive of societal development, inventions, and progress is through their relationship with nature. Nature can function as a positive or negative anchoring topos. Sometimes, it is the dangers posed by nature that need to be overcome (weather conditions, wild animals), or humankind enters on potentially hubristic ventures when territory is arrogated that is reserved for the gods (digging into the earth, venturing onto the seas). Sometimes, nature may present the inspiration for new inventions (as when the bones of a fish inspire the invention of the comb or when Daedalus’ wings are inspired by those of birds). What is ‘natural’ may be used as a moral argument to impose limits on change.

We invite PhD proposals for original research on the role of nature in the cultural imagination of invention, inventors, human culture, and / or progress. We are particularly interested in the discourse, themes, and scenarios of human-nature interaction, and the cognitive and social embedding of arguments from nature.

Candidates are invited to design a structured PhD proposal (title, research question, scholarly background, aims, method, corpus) around these issues. They are free in adopting a literary or linguistic approach, and in their choice of corpus. However, given the theme and recent developments in our field, we would particularly welcome approaches inspired on ‘ecocriticism’. In their proposals, candidates should outline their suggested approach, main research question, and expected original contribution to the field.

More information about the Anchoring Innovation research agenda of OIKOS can be found on the website (www.anchoringinnovation.nl) and in an article by Ineke Sluiter, entitled “Anchoring Innovation: a Classical Research Agenda” (Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda 7 European Review 7 Cambridge Core). The work package to which the project will be assigned will be determined once the period to which the project mostly relates is determined.

Host institution
The Faculty of Humanities of Leiden University is an international centre for the advanced study of languages, cultures, arts, and societies worldwide, in their historical contexts from prehistory to the present. Our faculty is home to more than 6,000 students and 800 staff members. For more information see https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/humanities.

The Leiden University Centre for the Arts in Society (LUCAS) is one of the seven Research Institutes of the Faculty of Humanities. LUCAS is dedicated to ground-breaking research that explores the multifaceted relationships between the arts and society. For more information see https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/humanities/centre-for-the-arts-in-society.

Terms and conditions
PhD project, 4 years (1.0 FTE, 38 hrs per week), starting date to be agreed upon, with a preference for September 1st, 2022 or as soon as possible thereafter. Initially the employee will receive a one-year contract, with extension for the following 36 months on condition of a positive evaluation. It is possible to extend the position over 5 years at 0,8 fte. The appointment must lead to the completion of a PhD thesis. Salary range from € 2.434 to € 3.111 gross per month for a fulltime appointment (pay scale for PhDs, in accordance with the Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities).

Leiden University offers an attractive benefits package with additional holiday (8%) and end-of-year bonuses (8.3%), training and career development. Candidates from outside the Netherlands may be eligible for a substantial tax break. For more information: http://www.workingat.leiden.edu/.

Tasks of the PhD candidate will include:
- Completion of a PhD thesis within four years (1,0 fte) or five years (0,8 fte);
- Participation in meetings of the project research group(s);
- Presentations of intermediate research results at workshops and conferences;
- Participation in the training programme of the local Leiden Graduate School and the National Research School in Classics (OIKOS);
- Participation in staff meetings of the Leiden Classics team and the intellectual life of the department and the institute;
- Some teaching in the second and third years of the appointment.

Requirements
- A RMA, MA or MPhil degree in Classics, held by time of appointment, with an MA thesis of high quality with a grade of at least 8.0 on a ten-point scale, or comparable assessment;
- Well-developed research skills, including the ability to formulate relevant and creative research questions and hypotheses, descriptive and analytical skills, and a clear and persuasive style of writing;
- Excellent competence in ancient Greek and Latin, and English, as well as reading competence in French, German and Italian;
- Independent thinker, team player;
- Grit.

Diversity
The Anchoring Innovation program is strongly committed to diversity within its team and especially welcomes applications from members of underrepresented groups.

Information
Enquiries about the position can be addressed to Prof. dr. Ineke Sluiter, i.sluiter@hum.leidenuniv.nl. We strongly recommend candidates to contact the supervisor prior to submitting their proposal. This is the reason why we established such a long period between the announcement of the position and the deadline for submission. Questions about the procedure can be directed to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, anchoring@let.ru.nl.

Application
In order to be admissible, applications must include the following information (in the same order), in one PDF file (not zipped):
- Cover letter;
- CV, including contact information of two referees;
- Transcript of records;
- Research proposal of 1500 words. This does not include the bibliography and (if appropriate) an appendix containing a list of sources (together max. two pages A4);
- Copy of relevant diploma or statement by master thesis supervisor confirming that the applicant will hold the required degree at the time of appointment.

Please submit your complete application to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, the coordinator of the Anchoring-programme via anchoring@let.ru.nl before April 24, 2022. Interviews will take place in the week of 30 May – 3 June, 2022 and will possibly be held online.

Title: Egyptian Priests and the Anchoring of Greek Kings: Reframing Greek Honour in Ptolemaic Egypt

Anchoring Work Package 7: Hellenism

Supervisors
Prof. dr. Luuk de Ligt (Leiden) and Dr. Rens Tacoma (Leiden)

Job description

From Ptolemaic Egypt a number of priestly decrees survive in which honours are given to Ptolemaic kings, most notably in the famous trilingual decrees from Canopus, Raphia, and Rosetta. Traditionally these inscriptions have been studied from the perspective of Ptolemaic kingship, investigating on the basis of the titles of the kings the relationship between Pharaonic/Egyptian and Hellenistic/Greek elements in royal self-representation. Such analyses are part of a wider discussion about the extent to which in the Ptolemaic kingdom Egyptian and Greek culture remained sealed off from each other, especially in the field of religion.

However, it has been rightly observed that the decrees were not instigated by the kings. This PhD-project moves the perspective away from the study of the interaction of two cultures. Instead, it studies the process of ‘becoming Greek’ not in general terms but by focusing on the behaviour of a specific group of actors: the Egyptian priests who set up the decrees. Its starting point is the assumption that the honorific decrees should not primarily be read as royal propaganda, but as priestly texts in which members of Egyptian elites had to come to terms with the realities of power. After the advent of Alexander, Egyptian temple priests had to redefine their position in society. One of the ways to do so was to make symbolic statements about their relationship with the new ruler, and Greek epigraphic discourse suggested that the best way to do so was by conferring honours on him. At the same time the new kings had every reason to accept such honours, even if shrouded in concepts that were not entirely their own. The texts thus should be read as the outcome of symbolic negotiations between Ptolemaic kings and Egyptian priests, in which both parties formulated expectations of each other’s roles in a situation of asymmetrical power relations. The traditional Greek language of praise and honour offered common ground for both parties. It provided the priests with a mechanism to anchor themselves in a longstanding tradition, but at the same time in their multi-lingual decrees they adopted, adapted, and appropriated honorific discourse to their own ends. The result was a hybrid kind of political culture which provided a platform to explore the relation between Egyptian and Greek, between ruler and ruled, and between the old and the new.

Candidates are invited to submit a structured proposal (title, research question, scholarly background, aims, method, corpus) around this topic. More information about the Anchoring Innovation research agenda of OIKOS can be found on the website (www.anchoringinnovation.nl) and in an article by Ineke Sluiter, entitled “Anchoring Innovation: a Classical Research Agenda” (Anchoring Innovation: A Classical Research Agenda / European Review / Cambridge Core).

Host institution
The Faculty of Humanities of Leiden University is a unique international centre for the advanced study of languages, cultures, arts, and societies worldwide, in their historical contexts from prehistory to the present. Our faculty is home to more than 6,000 students and 800 staff members. For more information see https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/humanities.

The Leiden University Institute for History is responsible for the main part of the historical research carried out at Leiden University. The institute has a wide-ranging academic scope. Its strong international orientation and focus on the study of European, American, Asian and African societies in a global context give the institute a unique character. The academic leaders connected to the institute's research programmes are internationally renowned scholars that engage in numerous networks, contribute to important conferences and publish with outstanding academic presses. More information about the Leiden University Institute for History see https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/humanities/institute-for-history.

Terms and conditions
PhD project, 4 years (1,0 fte, 38 hrs per week), starting date to be agreed, with a preference for September 1, 2022. Initially the employee will receive a one-year contract, with extension for the following 36 months on condition of a positive evaluation. It is possible to extend the position over 5 years at 0,8 fte. The appointment must lead to the completion of a PhD thesis. Salary range from € 2.434 to € 3.111 gross per month for a fulltime appointment (pay scale for PhDs, in accordance with the Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities).

Leiden University offers an attractive benefits package with additional holiday (8%) and end-of-year bonuses (8.3%), training and career development. Candidates from outside the Netherlands may be eligible for a substantial tax break. For more information: http://www.workingat.leiden.edu/.

Tasks of the PhD candidate will include:
- Completion of a PhD thesis within four years (1,0 fte) or five years (0,8 fte);
- Participation in meetings of the project research group(s);
- Presentations of intermediate research results at workshops and conferences;
- Participation in the training programme of the local Leiden Graduate School and the National Research School in Classics (OIKOS);
- Participation in staff meetings of the Leiden Classics team and the intellectual life of the department and the institute;
- Some teaching in the second and third years of the appointment.

Requirements for PhD candidates
- A RMA, MA or MPhil degree in Ancient History or Classics, held by time of appointment, with an MA thesis of high quality with a grade of at least 8.0 on a ten-point scale, or comparable assessment;
- Well-developed research skills, including the ability to formulate relevant and creative research questions and hypotheses, descriptive and analytical skills, and a clear and persuasive style of writing;
- Very good oral and written skills in English;
- Reading competence in ancient Greek and preferably Demotic;
- Strong writing and analytical skills
- Independent thinker, team player;
- Grit.

Diversity
The Anchoring Innovation program is strongly committed to diversity within its team and especially welcomes applications from members of underrepresented groups.

Information
Enquiries about the position can be addressed to Prof. dr. Luuk de Ligt, l.de.ligt@hum.leidenuniv.nl. We deliberately scheduled a long period between this announcement and the deadline for submission so that PhD candidates have ample time to prepare their own versions of the projects outlined above. We know that the design of a good project takes time and effort. Do not hesitate to contact your prospective supervisor about this. Questions about the procedure can be directed to Dr. Suzanne van de Liefvoort, anchoring@let.ru.nl.

Application
In order to be admissible, applications must include the following information (in the same order), in one PDF file (not zipped):
- Cover letter;
- CV, including contact information of two referees;
- Transcript of records (i.e. BA and MA grades);
- Research proposal of 1500 words. This does not include the bibliography and (if appropriate) an appendix containing a list of sources (together max. two pages A4);
- Copy of relevant diploma.

Please submit your complete application to Dr Suzanne van de Liefvoort, the coordinator of the Anchoring-program via anchoring@let.ru.nl before April 24, 2022. Interviews will take place in the week of 30 May – 3 June, 2022 and will possibly be held online.