Chemistry is undoubtedly one of the sciences with the greatest social and economic impact. During the past two centuries millions of new substances have been discovered, and a few thousands of them have become novel industrial products. In several cases the scale of production, together with by-products and wastes, has led to previously unknown effects on human health and on the environment. Growing awareness of the impacts of hazardous substances on the economy, society and the environment has stimulated new scientific insights, discussion of risk perception, and new legislation. Advances in analysis and detection of chemicals have played a large role in this respect. Since the 1960s, industrialized countries have adopted a framework for assessing an regulating toxic chemicals that remains in force today. By this means, attempts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to control individual pollutants using scientific and technical tools, including risk assessment, toxicological testing, epidemiological investigations, pollution control devices, trace measurements, and waste treatment and disposal technologies.

The workshop will focus on the interaction between
a) the growing presence of hazardous substances in the economy and the environment, and
b) the cultural, scientific and legal resonses by modern society to these hazards.

In each paper a specific chemical, or group of related chemicals, will take centre stage: from the start of its industrial production, via the proliferation of its uses, and the discovery of its effects on workers and/or on the biosphere, to attempts to control its emission and use, including the development of alternative products. The workshop will focus in particular on the history of specific chemicals which have had a profound impact on the way in which ecological and health effects have been perceived. Using a 'biographical approach' it will trace the entire 'life history' (production, use, problems, risk assessment, management strategies, and disposal) of those hazardous substances, culminating at the point at which legislative controls or alternative technical pathways were finally established. The focus will be on the main period of chemical industrialisation (ca. 1800-2000).

Examples of substances that have had profound effects on ecological thinking and on legislation, and which would be welcome candidates for analysis using this kind of 'biographical approach', are:

Arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, nitrates, cyanides, sulphur dioxide, radioactice substances, DDT and other halocarbons (including dioxins), aniline and aromatic amines, benzene, azo dyes, vinyl chloride, PCB's, and CFC's.

Of course, papers on other important cases are also most welcome!

In all cases, we prefer papers having a global or at least an international outlook; national overviews could certainly also be of great value. However, studies which have a regional or local focus are unsuitable in the context of this workshop.

Since the approach to this topic is interdisciplinary, chemists, toxicologists, historians of science, technology and medicine, environmental historians, sociologists and scholars active in environmental organisations, etc., are all invited to participate and to contribute a paper.

Papers that satisfy the final reviewing procedure will be published in a volume with the working title 'Hazardous chemicals, a biographical approach (1800-2000)'. Papers should be no longer than 10.000 words. The conference language will be English.

The Rachel Carson Center will cover the traveling costs and accomodation expenses for all participants invited to deliver a paper. The conference will take place in the Kerschensteiner Kolleg of the Deutsches Museum in Munich.