Inhalt Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 1/2003
ARTIKEL:
Gerd Hardach: Optionen der Altersvorsorge im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert in Deutschland, S. 5 - 28
Martin Lengwiler: Das Drei-Säulen-Konzept und seine Grenzen: Private und berufliche Altersvorsorge in der Schweiz im 20. Jahrhundert, S. 29 - 47
Robin Pearson: Who pays for pensions? Das Problem der Alterssicherung in Großbritannien im Zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, S. 48 - 57
Anna Maria Thränhardt: Betriebliche Alterssicherung in der Japan AG, S. 58 - 72
Martin Seeleib-Kaiser: Betriebliche Sozialpolitik oder mehr Staat? Das Modell USA revisited, S. 73 - 88
André Straus: Die Verwaltung des Ruhestandes in Frankreich im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert, S. 89 - 103
ABSTRACTS:
Gerd Hardach: Optionen der Altersvorsorge im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert in Deutschland.
Abstract:
The essay discusses supply and demand in the market for old age security in Germany during the nineteenth and twentieth century. As economic growth and the expansion of social security created an extended retirement phase at the end of the life course, the supply of old age security shifted from the family to the public pension system, supplemented by occupational pension programmes and individual investment in the banking system, the capital market, life insurance pension plans or real estate. At the same time, increasing longevity and declining fertility led to a «graying of the population» and a corresponding surge in the demand for old age security. The interaction between supply and demand in the market for old age security is illustrated by three scenarios, the traditional family system, the three pillar system of public pensions, occupational pensions and individual savings, and an emerging multipillar system in which family solidarity and family care-giving for the growing number of «frail elderly» reappear as an essential fourth pillar.
Martin Lengwiler: Das Drei-Säulen-Konzept und seine Grenzen: Private und berufliche Altersvorsorge in der Schweiz im 20. Jahrhundert.
The article gives a summarizing account on the history of the Swiss pension system. The system, praised by the World Bank and the OECD for its financial stability, is based upon the three pillar of state benefits, occupational and private pensions. Focusing on the occupational and private pillars the article distinguishes three periods: the early era of occupational pensions between 1900 and 1931, the period between 1931 and 1972, when the occupational system rapidly expanded whereas the establishment of the state's scheme was first delayed until 1948 and then inhibited in its growth, and the third period after 1972 with the official recognition of a three pillar system and the public promotion of occupational and private pension schemes. The article also points out the limitations of the Swiss model, like the modest level of state benefits, causing a comparably high level of old-age poverty, or the inequalities of the occupational pension system, particularly the discrimination of part-time and low-wage earners.
Robin Pearson: Who pays for pensions? Das Problem der Alterssicherung in Großbritannien im Zwanzigsten Jahrhundert.
This article places the current crisis in pension provision in Great Britain in the context of its long-run development since the late nineteenth century. The origins of state and private pensions are briefly examined and the factors behind the great expansion of company and personal pensions since the 1920s are explored. History suggests that, relative to much of Europe, Britain has a highly-developed private pensions industry which, subject to certain reforms and a greater level of compulsory savings, is well placed to help plug the current.
Anna Maria Thränhardt: Betriebliche Alterssicherung in der Japan AG.
Corporate welfare in Japan is multifaceted and extensive. But its scope in terms of recipients is rather limited and its benefits reach a smaller number of persons than corporate welfare in Germany. The reason for this is that it is restricted to the very big companies and their core workforce, which amount to only 25 percent of all employees in Japan and presently is decreasing even more. Old-age benefits play an important role within this system of corporate welfare. They are offered in two modes: the first is a one-time lump-sum payment of considerable size at the time of mandatory retirement-age (teinen), between 55-60 years of age. This type goes back to traditional patterns of employment in family-business in 19th century Japan, where servants after long years of employment with very low payment finally received a severance lump-sum-payment in their forties in order to be able to establish a business of their own. Today, the majority of companies operate a combination of this traditional type lump-sum severance payment with a modern pension system of monthly pension benefits. Corporate old-age pension-systems in Japan relieve the state of the need for higher public social welfare expenses. On the other hand, this privatisation of a considerable part of social welfare has the effect of doubling the discriminatory effects of the "dual economic system" with outstanding differences between the few big companies and an unusually great number of small and medium-sized companies. These differences in the conditions of social security between the two types of business are even more outspoken than the wage-differentials.
Martin Seeleib-Kaiser: Betriebliche Sozialpolitik oder mehr Staat? Das Modell USA revisited.
An expansion of personal responsibility and occupational social policies (fringe benefits) are often seen as means to reduce the high level of social insurance contributions in the Federal Republic of Germany; concomitantly, such a policy approach would contribute to a higher economic dynamic. In this context, many observers have referred to the United States of America as a model. In a first step, this paper outlines key elements of the political culture as well as the institutional setting, which have historically contributed to the high level of importance of fringe benefits within the US welfare state. In a second step, it shows that, since the 1970s, the reach of fringe benefits has declined and that they have undergone a qualitative change, while government programs, especially health care programs, were ex-panded with a certain time lag in an incremental manner. Finally, it is stressed that a stronger reliance on fringe benefits within a welfare system is not necessarily less costly for companies, compared to largely publicly provided social policies, but can have significant side effects.
André Straus: Die Verwaltung des Ruhestandes in Frankreich im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert.
In France social insurance as it existed in Ger-many didn't establish itself until the intermediate wartime. Since the middle of the nineteenth century the state and large scale enterprises tried out several different forms of pensions funds without great success: old-age protection, «Central funds», and occupational pension schemes. The realization of other models wasn't possible for a long time due to the conviction in an old age-protection covered alone by contractual agreements with your own children.
Rezensionen:
Dieter Stiefel (Hrsg.), Die politische Ökonomie des Holocaust. Zur wirtschaftlichen Logik von Verfolgung und "Wiedergutmachung" (Harald Wixforth) Wolf Gruner, Zwangsarbeit und Verfolgung. Österreichische Juden im NS-Staat 1938 - 45 (Der Nationalsozialismus und seine Folgen, Bd. 1) (Christian Ruch) Oliver Rathkolb (Hrsg.), NS-Zwangsarbeit. Der Standort Linz der "Reichswerke Hermann Göring AG", Berlin, 1938 - 1945, Bd. 1: Zwangsarbeit - Sklavenarbeit: Politik-, sozial- und wirtschaftshistorische Studien. Bd. 2: Zwangsarbeit - Sklavenarbeit: (Auto-)Biographische Einsichten (Christian Ruch) Christa Tholander, Fremdarbeiter. Ausländische Arbeitskräfte in der Zeppelin-Stadt Friedrichshafen von 1939 bis 1945 (Christian Ruch) Constantin Goschler/Jürgen Lillteicher (Hrsg.), "Arisierung" und Restitution. Die Rückerstattung jüdischen Eigentums in Deutschland und Österreich nach 1945 und 1989 (Ralf Ahrens) Sophie Fetthauer, Deutsche Grammophon. Geschichte eines Schallplattenunternehmens im "Dritten Reich" (Musik im "Dritten Reich" und im Exil, Bd. 9) (Ingo Böhle) S. Jonathan Wiesen, West German Industry and the Challenge of the Nazi Past, 1945 - 1955 (Werner Bührer) Albrecht Ritschl, Deutschlands Krise und Konjunktur 1924 - 1934 - Binnenkonjunktur: Auslandsverschuldung und Reparationsproblem zwischen Dawes-Plan und Transfersperre (Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beiheft 2) (Hartmut Kiehling) Jan-Otmar Hesse, Im Netz der Kommunikation: Die Reichs-Post- und Telegraphenverwaltung 1876 - 1914 (Schriftenreihe zur Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte, Bd. 8) (Michael Friedewald) Christian Kleinschmidt, Der produktive Blick. Wahrnehmung amerikanischer und japanischer Management- und Produktionsmethoden durch deutsche Unternehmer 1950 - 1985 (Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beiheft 1) (Harm G. Schröter) Karl-Peter Ellerbrock / Tanja Bessler-Worbs (Hrsg.), Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im südöstlichen Westfalen. Die IHK zu Arnsberg und ihr Wirtschaftsraum im 19. Und 20. Jahrhundert (Andrea H. Schneider) Ulf Olsson, Att fövalta sitt pund/Furtherin a fortune. Marcus Wallenberg 1899 - 1982 (Reinhard Frost) Stefan Gorißen, Vom Handelshaus zum Unternehmen. Sozialgeschichte der Firma Harkort im Zeitalter der Protoindustrie (1720 - 1820) (Ralf Banken) Ralf Engeln, Uransklaven oder Sonnensucher? Die Sowjetische AG Wismut in der SBZ/DDR 1946 - 1953 (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für soziale Bewegungen, Schriftenreihe A: Darstellungen, Bd. 19) (André Steiner) Barbara Keller, Von Speziererinnen, Wegglibuben und Metzgern. Lebensmittelhandwerk und -handel in Basel 1850 - 1914 (Uwe Spiekermann) Hélene Pasquier, "La chasse à l'hectolitre". La brasserie Müller à Neuchâtel (1885 - 1953) (Gerd Hardach) Daniela Deck/Catherine Bosshart-Pfluger, Business and Professional Women Switzerland 1947 bis 1997. Geschichte einer Schweizer Frauenorganisation (Studien zur Zeitgeschichte, Bd. 3) (Christiane Eifert) Irene Bandhauer-Schöffmann, Regine Berndl (Hrsg.), Unternehmerinnen, Geschichte & Gegenwart selbständiger Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen (Dorothea Schmidt)