STUDIE / STUDIES

LENDEROVÁ Milena – HALATA Martin
Jak strávit exil. Francouzský král Karel X. na Pražském hradě … S. 37
(How to spend one’s exile. The French king Charles X at Prague Castle)
The study focuses on the Prague exile of the last crowned French king Charles X in 1832–1836. It notices the popularization reflection of the king’s stay, which originated in the Czech milieu from the end of the 19th century. It arises from the memoirs of Charles’s contemporaries (including members of his exile court and Josef Rudolph of Wartburg, son of the inspector of Prague Castle, etc.), from reports of the Prague Police Directorate, a collection of reports submitted to Chancellor Metternich, from materials on the accommodation and furnishings options of Prague Castle and from the related results of art-historical research of the New Palace of the castle, where the king stayed with his family and a small court. It deals with the king’s interaction with the milieu of the Czech lands. Last but not least, it then deals with the upbringing of Charles’s grandson Henry, in which František Palacký and Joachime Barrande, among others, participated.

Keywords: French King Charles X – exile – Czech lands 1832–1836 – Prague Castle – New Palace – Joachim Barrande – Marie Caroline de Berry – Marie Josephine Louise Gontaut – Amand d’Hautpoul – François-René Chateaubriand – František Palacký – Josef Rudolf von Wartburg

RESUMÉ
The personality of King Charles X of France, who lived a large part of his life in exile, of that 1832–1836 in Prague at the New Palace of Prague Castle, has attracted mainly journalists who created the image of the king and his family throughout the century, becoming accustomed to the conditions of exile in a country of which they apparently had no idea before their stay. However, this picture did not fully correspond to the truth. The study seeks the roots of these statements about the French king’s stay in Prague and is based on sources of a personal nature, the memories of Charles’s contemporaries, direct witnesses to his exile (Marie Josephine Louise Gontaut; Amand d’Hautpoul; François-René Chateaubriand; Josef Rudolph Wartburg, among others). Other sources were reports of the Prague Police Directorate and inventory, accounts and depictions relating to the furnishings of the New Palace, the main residential part of Prague Castle, within the walls of which the life of the royal family took place for almost four years.
In its first part, the study returns to the failed government of this monarch, expelled from France by the July Revolution, and to his departure into exile, first to Scotland, then through the German lands to Prague. Here the monarch created an alternative court, thanks to Emperor Francis I, who lent him part of the Castle.
Part of the study is devoted to the two journeys of French poet François-René Chateaubriand, who authorised by Duchess de Berry visited Prague and Charles X in May and September 1833, and to the expedition of the French royalists who came here in the same year. The study also traces Charles’s stays in Bohemian spa towns or at the castle in Buštěhrad, which Francis I also lent him, and his contacts with the domestic nobility. Attention is also paid to the upbringing of Charles’s grandson, in which the Czech historian František Palacký as a German teacher and the French palaeontologist Joachim Barrande as a teacher of natural sciences and the humanities participated, where the liberal attitudes of most educators clashed with the intransigence of the monarch, who remained an ultraroyalist and irreconcilable Catholic. The study’s conclusion is devoted to the court’s departure from Prague, from which he fled the advancing cholera, his futile efforts to find a dignified exile elsewhere in the monarchy, and his brief stay in what was then Gorizia, Austria (now Italy/Slovenia), where the king died of cholera and is buried.

Futtera Ladislav
Reprezentace dětských opatroven v českých zemích v letech 1832–1849 … S. 81
(Representation of nursery schools for children in the Czech lands in 1832–1849)

In the 1830s, thanks to the highest representatives of the land administration and the estate community, the first nursery schools were established in the Czech lands to offer day care to pre-school children, especially from working-class families. The article analyses the ways of representation of these institutions in public space using the example of nursery schools in Prague (Na Hrádku), Mladá Boleslav and Česká Lípa: the argumentation strategies in their establishment and subsequent evaluation of activities in the first years of their existence. Special attention is paid to the comparison of the nursery schools with the Czech and German languages of instruction and their legitimation motivated by charitable assistance or national agitation and differences in the content of the curriculum.
Keywords: 19th century – Vormärz Period – nursery school – patriotism – social care – schooling

RESUMÉ
The establishment of nursery schools in the Czech lands was presented to the public as an act of charity, demonstration of civic virtues and loyalty to the state, which encouraged the establishment of institutions of this kind, but rejected their public support. The occasion was a public celebration, which took place on the anniversary of the monarch’s birthday or his enthronement. The clergy, officials and other members of the upper middle class took part in the establishment of these institutions. Financially the institution was saturated by the urban nobility, whereas support from industrialists was variable. The support of the municipality (and the clientelist structures connected to it) seems to have been decisive for the successful establishment of a nursery school. Thanks to that support, the plan for the establishment of a nursery school was realized in Mladá Boleslav in a number of months, while in Česká Lípa, where the initiative came from church circles, the opening of a nursery school was delayed.
In the presentation of the purpose of the nursery school to the public, there was no fundamental difference between the nursery schools with Czech or German as the language of instruction. From the perspective of bourgeois society, these were tools of social discipline, “pedagogization” of the poor, competing with the raising of children in families. In the case of Czech nursery schools, however, the potential opened up to use these institutions for national agitation. The circle of Mladá Boleslav national revivalists thus successfully legitimized their activities, which cultivated civic life in the city and brought Czech into it as a communication code, by connecting with expressions of charity in favour of the nursery school.
Based on a partial comparison, it seems that in the daily practice of Czech nursery schools, in contrast to the rather moralistic German nursery schools, emphasis was placed on the teaching of the trivia (grammar, logic, and rhetoric). Jan Vlastimír Svoboda, a teacher at Prague’s “exemplary” nursery school Na Hrádku, played a key role in this focus of Czech nursery schools; he was the author of theoretical writings and manuals for teaching in Czech nursery schools. However, the example of Brno’s German nursery schools, which were attended by children from Czech families, and Svoboda’s efforts to include both land languages in teaching demonstrate that the demand for bilingual education was based on both intellectuals considering in the mode of land patriotism and the families of children attending nursery schools.
The forms of the presentation of nursery schools, the festivities connected with them, but also the form of education in these facilities were a playing field where charity, land patriotism and national agitation clashed (and at the same time intertwined).

ГУМЕНЮК Олена – САЛАТА Оксана – ТЕЛЬВАК Віталій
Українська гімназія в Чехословаччині - Oрганізаційна структура та освітній процес … S. 105
(Ukrainian secondary school /„Ukrainian Gymnasium“/ in Czechoslovakia: Organizational structure and educational process)

The aim of the work is to analyze the peculiarities of Ukrainian secondary education abroad in the 1920s and 1930s on the example of the Ukrainian secondary school („Ukrainian Gymnasium“) in Czechoslovakia. The analysis of features of the organization, methodological bases of educational work of the Gymnasium in Prague as a part of the general cultural and educational activity of the Ukrainian interwar emigration is carried out.
Keywords: Ukrainians – Czechoslovakia – emigration – secondary education – cultural and educational activities – Gymnasium in Prague

RESUMÉ
Studie z pera trojice ukrajinských badatelů, kteří před 24. únorem 2022 působili na Univerzitě Boryse Hrinčenka v Kyjevě a na Drohobyčské státní pedagogické univerzitě Ivana Franka v Drohobyči, je zde zveřejněna v ukrajinském jazyce jako symbolický protest vydavatelů Českého časopisu historického proti absurdním snahám ruského prezidenta Vladimira Putina popřít svébytnost historie, kultury a dokonce i jazyka ukrajinského národa. Zvláštní symbolika zvoleného tématu spočívá ve skutečnosti, že jde o emigraci ukrajinských dětí, učitelů a jejich rodin, kteří po první světové válce a po potlačení ukrajinských snah o získání samostatnosti prchali z bolševického Sovětského svazu do střední a západní Evropy a hledali tam možnost svobodného vzdělávání v rodném jazyce. Studie se zaměřuje na jeden z nejdůležitějších vzdělávacích ústavů – Ukrajinské gymnázium, které za první Československé republiky působilo v Praze a ve středních Čechách.
Výzkum speciálního tématu jedné zahraniční střední školy je součástí aktuálního bádání o komplexní problematice dějin ukrajinské kultury a vzdělávání. Zaměřuje se na organizační strukturu a specifické rysy působení ukrajinského středoškolského vzdělávání v Československu ve 20. a 30. letech 20. století. Výzkum je metodologicky založen na historické komparaci, historické typologizaci a systémové analýze. Poprvé je analyzována organizace a metodické základy působení gymnázia jakožto součást všeobecné kulturní a vzdělávací činnosti meziválečné ukrajinské emigrace. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována příčinám zřízení gymnázia v Praze a podpoře, kterou věnovaly československé vládní orgány ukrajinské střední škole.
Lze prokázat návaznost mezi školou pro děti ukrajinských emigrantů, která byla založena v roce 1921 v polském Szczypiornu u Kalisze, a Ukrajinským gymnáziem v meziválečném Československu. Děti žijící přechodně v ukrajinském vojenském táboře v Polsku se staly základní složkou žactva gymnázia založeného v Československu. Později poměr mezi dětmi ukrajinských emigrantů a žáky pocházejícími ze západoukrajinských regionů (Zakarpatská Ukrajina, respektive tehdejší země Podkarpatská Rus) klesal a v první polovině 30. let vzrostl ve prospěch druhé skupiny. Gymnázium působilo v rámci českého vzdělávacího systému, avšak při zachování ukrajinské kulturní a vzdělávací tradice. Jeho činnost byla založena na programu českých reformovaných reálných gymnázií, se zřetelem k ukrajinským zvláštnostem. Struktura školy byla osmitřídní, byl zde vyučován český jazyk, a to v češtině, podobně jako předměty týkající se československých dějin a geografie. Všechny ostatní předměty byly vyučovány v ukrajinštině. Maturanti vycházející z tohoto gymnázia měli možnost pokračovat ve studiu na vysokých školách, ať již v Československu, či v zahraničí. Tato skutečnost svědčí o solidní kvalitě vzdělání, jež jim Ukrajinské gymnázium poskytovalo.
Gymnázium podléhalo dohledu a mělo podporu ministerstva školství a ministerstva zahraničních věcí Československé republiky, a zároveň Ukrajinského vysokého pedagogického institutu pro vzdělávání, nazvaného podle Mychaila Drahomanova. Tento institut zejména ve 20. letech pečoval o financování gymnázia a o podporu ze strany československých úřadů. Zajišťoval rovněž pedagogický personál a kontroloval úroveň ukrajinského vzdělávacího procesu. Když na počátku 30. let v důsledku hospodářské krize poklesla podpora gymnázia ze strany československé vlády a mezinárodních organizací, aktivní podíl ukrajinské veřejnosti zabránil uzavření gymnázia. V článku jsou podrobněji sledovány postupy, které zachránily gymnázium ve 30. letech 20. století.

RESUMÉ
The aim of the work is to analyze the peculiarities of Ukrainian secondary education abroad in the 1920s and 1930s on the example of the Ukrainian secondary school („Ukrainian Gymnasium“) in Czechoslovakia. The research methodology is based on the application of general historical methods of scientific research, namely historical-comparative, historical-typological, and systems analysis. For the first time the analysis of features of the organization, methodological bases of educational work of the Gymnasium in Czechoslovakia as a part of the general cultural and educational activity of the Ukrainian interwar emigration is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the reasons for the establishment of the Gymnasium in Prague and the governmental support of the Czechoslovak authorities to the Ukrainian secondary school.
We can trace the connection between the School for the children of the Ukrainian Plast in the camp in Szczypiorno (Poland), founded in 1921, and the Ukrainian Gymnasium in the interwar Czechoslovak Republic. It was the children from the Polish camp who were the basis for the Gymnasium at the beginning of its foundation in the Czechoslovak Republic. Later, the ratio between the children of Ukrainian emigrants and pupils from the western Ukrainian regions declined and even increased due to the latter in the first half of the 1930s. The problem of functioning of the Gymnasium in the Czech educational system and the connection with the Ukrainian cultural and educational tradition is separately substantiated. Its activity was based on the program of Czech real reformed gymnasiums, but with Ukrainian specifics. The structure of the school consisted of 8 classes, the Czech language was taught, respectively, the Czech itself, and several disciplines related to the history and geography of Czechoslovakia. All other subjects are in Ukrainian. Gymnasium graduates later had the opportunity to enter higher education institutions both in the Czechoslovak Republic and abroad. This indicated the high quality of education provided in the Gymnasium.
The Gymnasium was under the supervision and care of the Ministries of Education and of Foreign Affairs of the Czechoslovak Republic, as well as the Ukrainian Higher Pedagogical Institute named after Mykhailo Drahomanov. This provided funding for the Gymnasium and the full support of the Czechoslovak authorities, especially in the 1920s. On the other hand, the Ukrainian Higher Pedagogical Institute named after Mykhailo Drahomanov provided the Gymnasium with pedagogical staff and controlled the quality of the Ukrainian educational process. When the financial support of the Gymnasium from the Czechoslovak government and international organizations ceased in the early 1930s, the active position of the Ukrainian public avoided the closure of the Gymnasium. In the article were thoroughly investigated the ways of preventing mentioned processes and saving the Gymnasium in the 1930s.

MILLER Jaroslav
Exilové sítě: Komunikace Přemysla Pittra a Františka Váni … S. 125
(Exile Networks: Communication of Přemysl Pitter and František Váňa)

By providing the genuinely new „networked“ understanding of exile, this study aims to rewrite significantly the story of Czechoslovak political emigration and re-assess its functioning mostly by means of a tool so far ignored in this field: The Social Network Analysis. According to the dominant historiographical narrative, the Czechoslovak exile followed mostly political goals and was structured as an hierarchy with the Council of Free Czechoslovakia being the supreme body initially respected by most (though not by all) fractions within the exile movement across the globe. That is why the historical research, rather one-sidedly, focused upon the institutional history, biographies of political leaders and ideological debate within political parties in exile. The study argues that the traditional approach needs a substantial revision. Though initially designed as a state-like hierarchy with pyramidal decision-making procedures (with coordinating power vested in the Council of Free Czechoslovakia) the exile soon transformed itself into a horizontal and rather informal network of loosely interconnected and mutually collaborating units and individuals across the globe. The „network thesis“ is demonstrated upon the model analysis of František Váňa’s and Přemysl Pitter’s communication webs being part of the long-term research of Czechoslovak exile networks, 1948–1989.
Keywords: Exile – Přemysl Pitter – František Váňa – Communication Networks – Hierarchical versus Horizontal Exile Structures

RESUMÉ
According to the dominant historiographical narrative, the Czechoslovak anticommunist exile followed mostly political goals and was structured as an hierarchy with the Council of Free Czechoslovakia being the supreme body initially respected by most (though not by all) fractions within the exile movement across the globe. That is why the historical research, rather one-sidedly, focused upon the institutional history, biographies of political leaders and ideological debate within political parties in exile. In the article, this traditional approach is questioned. Though initially designed as a state-like hierarchy with pyramidal decision-making procedures (with coordinating power vested in the Council of Free Czechoslovakia) the exile soon transformed itself into a horizontal and rather informal network of loosely interconnected and mutually collaborating units and individuals across the globe. Inspired by the Social Network Analysis as introduced, among others, by Manuel Castells the study examines the nature, structure and intensity of communication networks built by two eminent exiles, Přemysl Pitter and František Váňa. By analysing their correspondence, the study discloses the global web of informal and changeable relationships and collaborations within the Czechoslovak exile.

DISKUSE / DISCUSSION

MAJEWSKI Piotr M.
Polské spory o dějiny 20. století … S. 157
(Polish disputes over the history of the 20th century)

The article deals with major conflicts over competing interpretations of contemporary history which took place in Poland after 1989. It frames this subject in a chain of historical debates concerning among others the Second World War, attitudes of Polish society vis-ŕ-vis extermination of Jewish population during the Holocaust and post-War resistance against the Communist regime. It describes attempts of the Polish political right to impose a nationalistic narrative in the sphere of public history and examines political meaning of several state-run projects (Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk, Museum of Polish Jews’ History in Warsaw, European Solidarity Centre in Gdańsk, Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II in Markowa).
Keywords: Poland – historical politics – contemporary historiography – historical museums – history of the Second World War – Holocaust – Jedwabne – Polish-Jewish relations

RESUMÉ
In the first years after the fall of communism, heroic and martyrdom narratives clearly prevailed in Polish historiography. However, the conservative right has accused liberal elites of neglecting the role of the past in building national identity, according to them the main evidence is the absence of a museum to remind of the Warsaw Uprising. After 2000, criticism of the right intensified as a result of a public debate sparked by Jan Tomasz Gross’s book on the extermination of the Jewish population of Jedwabne in July 1941 by their Polish neighbours. Conservative historians and publicists have expressed the belief that the Polish state should not promote critical historiography, but commemorate famous events in the nation’s history. The result of this approach was the establishment of the Warsaw Uprising Museum in 2004 by right-wing politicians, which later became a key project of their historical policy.
The initiatives of other actors in social life to commemorate the past were attacked by the Polish right as an attempt to question its monopoly on the interpretation of the national past. This attitude has provoked a number of conflicts. The most important of these were the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk, the European Solidarity Centre there and the Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw. Each was accompanied by a confrontation between the nationalconservative and liberal parts of the political spectrum. The offensive party in these disputes was the first, which consistently strived to establish its own cultural hegemony in society. After 2015, state bodies controlled by the nationalist right deliberately violated the programmatic autonomy of museums and other cultural institutions. The government and its supporters also tried to attack researchers dealing with politically uncomfortable topics, especially the participation of some Poles in the looting and extermination of the Jewish population during the Second World War.
Translation by Sean Miller

Přehled bádání / Research overview

BENEŠ Ladislav
Nové pojetí dějin studené války v anglosaské historiografii.
Analýza základních tendencí a přístupů tzv. New Cold War History … S. 177
(A new conception of the history of the Cold War in Anglo-Saxon historiography: Analysis of the basic tendencies and approaches of the so-called New Cold War History)

The study aims to present the main theoretical foundation of a new type of Cold War historiography, so-called New Cold War History, the origin of which was significantly contributed to by the work of the Norwegian historian Odd A. Westad. The subject of interest is the analysis of the starting points of this type of research and its comparison with the traditional methods of the history of the Cold War. There is also an outline of its basic development trends and inspirations in the field of cultural and transnational history. In the conclusion, the most important objects of research are described, for which the use of theoretical knowledge of New Cold War History seems appropriate, and there is a basic typology of the primary feature of this new way of researching the Cold War, i.e., the contact of actors through the Iron Curtain.
Keywords: New Cold War History – Cold War – historiography – Odd Arne Westad

RESUMÉ
In the historiography of the Cold War, a new current began to appear after 2000, which is called New Cold War History. Whereas the traditional ways of research have emphasized political history with a dominant historical role in the United States and the USSR, this new type of study focuses on the “smaller” Cold War actors, which may be other power bloc states as well as individual institutions, international organizations, or other groups. Here, their cooperative relationship with other actors on the other side of the Iron Curtain is emphasised in their analysis.
Odd Arne Westad is considered to be the pioneer of this new research into the history of the Cold War, focusing his attention on the so-called Third World and its role in a bipolarly divided world. Building on Westad’s theses and the results of the work of John L. Gaddis, for example, key concepts until then perceived rather intuitively, such as “Cold War”, “détente” or the overall periodization of the East-West conflict, were gradually questioned.
Historians operating with the theoretical starting points of New Cold War History have not yet created a unified paradigm of the research. Rather, it is a general term for different approaches, which are connected by the departure from the prism of diplomatic and political history, which is dominated by great personalities, most often politicians. The most important difference of this new type of research on the history of the Cold War from the traditional bipolar concept is the inclination towards socio-cultural inspirations that focus on ordinary and everyday life in exceptional conditions, and through this perspective the cooperative relationships across the Iron Curtain are interpreted. The dynamics of relations between the representatives of the East and the West thus stands out. Along with that, it turns out that the individual social actors were not mere recipients of the official ideology, but they themselves shaped or reshaped it. However, it is not disputed that at the same time there was a limitation, for instance, of travel or political sovereignty with other social groups.
The object of the actual transfer between the actors can be almost anything, such as ideas, know-how, expert knowledge, technology, material goods or cultural representations. Two factors in particular were important for establishing contacts across the Iron Curtain, which complemented each other appropriately, with actors usually only needing one of the factors. First, there was the geographical distance of the actors’ regions of origin. Secondly, contacts were made within international organizations and bodies that allowed expert groups to meet.
Translation by Sean Miller

Obzory literatury / Review articles and reviews

Recenze

Dana DVOŘÁČKOVÁ-MALÁ
Dvůr jako téma. Výzkum panovnické společnosti v českém středověku – historiografie, koncepty, úvahy … S. 197
(Josef Šrámek)

Jason T. ROCHE
The Crusade of King Conrad III of Germany. Warfare and Diplomacy in Byzantium, Anatolia and Outremer, 1146–1148 … S. 200
(Mikuláš Netík)

Joachim BAHLCKE – Wacław GOJNICZEK –Ryszard KACZMAREK (eds.)
Dziedzictwo górnośląskiej reformacji. Wpływ protestantyzmu
na politykę, społeczeństwo i kulturę w XVI – XX wieku … S. 205
(Jaroslav Pánek)

Mario GALGANO
Das Bild der Schweiz bei den Papstgesandten (1586-1654).
Die ständige Nuntiatur in Luzern. Mit einer Dokumentation von Instruktionen und Berichten aus dem Geheimarchiv des Vatikans … S. 208
(Tomáš Černušák)

Vladimír KARPENKO – Ivo PURŠ – Martin ŽEMLA (eds.)
Divadlo věčné Moudrosti a teosofická alchymie Heinricha Khunratha … S. 212
(Jaroslav Pánek)

Yuri PRIMAROSA (ed.)
Una rivoluzione silenziosa. Plautilla Bricci pittrice e architettrice … S. 215
(Pavel Kalina)

Jiří HRBEK a kol.
Panovnický majestát. Habsburkové jako čeští králové v 17. a 18. století S. 218
(Jiří Kubeš)

Wolfgang FINK (ed.)
Vernunft und Gefühl. Christian Fürchtegott Gellert
und die Umbruchsperiode der deutschen Aufklärung (1740-1763) … S. 224
(Martin Bojda)

Václav HORČIČKA a kol.
Cizí páni na české půdě. Pozemková reforma v meziválečném Československu na statcích cizích státních příslušníků … S. 232
(Ondřej Horák)

Jiří LACH (ed.)
O umlčené kulturní epoše. Kus nakladatelské historie.
Vzpomíná a uvažuje František Laichter … S. 235
(Zdeněk R. Nešpor)

Róisín HEALY – Gearóid Barry (eds.)
Family Histories of World War II. Survivors and Descendants … S. 240
(Vojtěch Kessler)

Zprávy o literatuře … S. 982

Z vdeckého života / Chronicle

Nekrolog

Jaroslav Vaculík (27. února 1947 Velké Losiny – 5. května 2021 Brno)
(Roman Baron) … S. 271

Knihy a časopisy došlé redakci … S. 279
Výtahy